The Peaceable Kingdom: An American Saga by Jan de Hartog is a sweeping epic novel about Quakers in the United States. One of two volumes (the second is
The Lamb's War) it covers a period of a little over 100 years, from 1652 to 1755. Presumably it is well researched, considering that it is a stalwart of most Quaker libraries. The novel begins in Lancashire, England with George Fox's arrival at Swarthmoor Manor, the home of Margaret Fell.
(For those unacquainted with Friends: George Fox was the founder of the Religious Society of Friends, Margaret Fell is sometimes called "the mother of Quakerism" and Fell's home, Swarthmoor, gave it's name to Swarthmore College, which was founded by Friends. Whew. Got that? There will be a quiz at the end of the post.) Fox had been spreading his radical message of "that of God in everyone" throughout England for several years when he first met Margaret Fell. Fell, and a number of members of her household, became "convinced" Friends. This was shortly before Oliver Cromwell declared Quakerism to be illegal, beginning the widespread brutal persecution of Quakers in Britain.
Fast forward a couple of generations. Descendants of the original Swarthmoor Friends were comfortably settled in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania ("Penn's Woods") was William Penn's
Holy Experiment and Philadelphia was its capital. By this time Quaker political influence was beginning to wane, but there was a large community of Friends, most of whom were quite wealthy. (It is sometimes said that Friends came to America to do good and did very well indeed.) At this time many Friends were slave owners. In this book at least, they prided themselves on treating their slaves well, often educating them, but did not see the hypocrisy of, for example, adhering to a testimony of equality among all people and at the same time owning slaves.
Because one of the mainstays of Quakerism is
Quaker Process, a decision making process which is spirit-led and seeks to unite all members in the outcome (kind of like consensus, but not quite) it famously took about 100 years for the Religious Society of Friends, as an institution, to condemn slavery as evil and the majority of Friends to no longer own slaves.
In
The Peaceable Kingdom, Boniface Baker -- a wealthy plantation owner -- accidentally finds a set of diaries that had been kept by his grandmother, who had been Margaret Fell's children's governess. Her writing, along with a series of events among the slaves on his plantation, convinces him that slavery is evil. He makes the decision, considered unbelievably rash by his contemporaries, to free his slaves, divide his plantation equally among them, and go west to homestead in the Ohio wilderness.
There are also a number of subplots involving his family, his overseer, the slaves, and the Delaware Indians, who had moved off the land years before, after making treaties with William Penn (some of the only treaties with Native Americans that were ever honored, for a while at least.) It was the subplots which I found to be overly melodramatic and veering off into the improbable, or sometimes just plain irritating.
Hartog really wanted to underscore that when it came to slavery, Quakers made a big mistake spiritually and morally. They had become too rich and comfortable. I appreciated that in his story and I have certainly encountered vestiges of that among Friends today. However, he was very heavy-handed in describing the
otherness of the black slaves to the point where I almost wondered whether he didn't believe a little of it himself.
The other thing that really bothered me was the character of one of the slaves, a young woman named Cleo. She is described over and over, ad nauseum, as a temptress, a seductress, a siren, an animal ... I think you get the picture. She is considered to be such a troublemaker with her raw sexuality, that the overseer makes the reprehensible plan to breed her (i.e. have her raped) with a stud from another plantation, thinking that a baby will change her ways. Boniface intervenes and forbids it. Toward the end of the book, when Cleo has decided to migrate west as a free woman, but continues her
vixen-like ways (she's a
real Quaker vixen) it transpires that she gets a foundling baby and -- lo and behold -- motherhood does indeed transform her. Not to dis' motherhood, because I certainly love it, but c'mon! Unbridled animal lust cured by motherhood, and an immaculate conception no less, was just a little much.
Overall, I found this to be a compelling read. It can be read and enjoyed by non-Quakers, but gives a good sense Quaker faith and practice. The story has a modern feel to it which my bias says really speaks to the timelessness of Quaker beliefs. I plan to read the next volume, but I need a little breather before I dive in.
(Cross-posted at the
Spring Reading Challenge.)